Critical discourse analysis of Fakhreddin Iraqi's works

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD student of Persian language and literature, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.

2 Associate professor of Persian language and literature, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.

Abstract

Fakhr al-Din Iraqi, a mystic poet of the 7th century, composed his poems with the theme of love. This research, using Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, analyzed Iraqi’s lyrical poems, quatrains, love poems and glosses in three levels, and seeks to show which discourses and levels of power had influenced Iraqi, and how he involved in reproducing or resisting against them. Therefore, at the level of description, after finding the threads of the discourses, with their help, Iraqi’s discourse and its impact and impression are analyzed. The most prelevant word and theme in Iraqi’s poetry is love. The dominance of indefinite sentences tells about the silence of the lover and the field of love. The most vivid expression of his love is “pain of separation”. Iraqi’s domination by the rule of the indefinite pronoun “thou” (lover) that “I” has made him subordinate to “she” (lover). In the situational context, the invasion of the Mongols and the emergence of Ibn Arabi led to the scientific, practical and public growth of Iraqi’s discourse, and encouraged him to speak more fearlessly of the eternal lover and unity of existence in Lamaat. In terms of intertextuality, he is influenced by the discourse of verses from the Qur'an, the idea of existential unity of Ibn Arabi and aestheticism of Ahmad Ghazzali. In Qalandari, he is under the influence of the legacy of Sana'i and Attar. The most basic Iraqi confrontational point of view is love-centered discourse against asceticism. Due to the passive nature of his language and expression, this orientation has worked to stabilize the structure of the ruling power institution. 

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

The Holy Quran.
Aghagolzade, F. (2006). Critical discourse analysis. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural.
Aghagolzadeh, F. (2012). Descriptive culture of discourse analysis and pragmatics. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
Akhtar Cheema, M. (1993). The status of Sheikh Fakhreddin Ibrahim Iraqi in Islamic Sufism. Islamabad: Persian Research Center of Iran and Pakistan.
Attar Nishaburi (1994). Diwan Corrected by Taghi Tafazzoli. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural.
Dubrovin, J. T. P. (1999). Persian Sufi poetry, translated by Majaduddin Keyvani. Tehran: Nashr-e-Karzan.
Edward Brown (1960). From Saadi to Jami: translated by Ali Asghar Hekmat, Vol. 2, Tehran: Ibn Sina Library.
Eskandari, M. (2014). Description and interpretation of Iraqi lyric poetry. Doctoral thesis, Shiraz: Shiraz University.
Fairclough, N. (2000). Critical analysis of discourse, translators: group of translators. Tehran: Media Studies and Research Center.
Farshidord, Kh. (2005). Today's detailed Ghrammar. Tehran: Sokhan.
Fazeli, Mohammad (2013). Discourse and Critical Discourse Analysis, Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences of Mazandaran University, P34, P14, 2014.
Fotuhi, M. (2012). Stylistics. Tehran: Sokhan.
Ghani, Q. (2016). Discussion in Hafez's works and thoughts and condition. Tehran: Hermes.
Gharib-Hosseini, Z. & Sarfi, M. R. (2010). Ontology from the point of view of Ibn Arabi and Fakhroddin Iraqi. Comparative Literature, S2, S4.
Ghazzali, A. (1980). The biography of lovers, edited by Helmut Ritter. Tehran: Iran Culture Foundation.
Gudarzi, A. (2018). Analyzing the critical discourse of Bozorg -e-Alavi's works based on Fairclough's theory. Master thesis, University of Qom.
Habibullahi, M. (2007). Criticism and analysis of Diwan Fakhr al-Din Iraqi. Master's thesis, Yazd: Yazd University.
Iraqi, Sh. F. (2001). Iraqi Divan. Tehran: Neghah.
Karimpour, A. (2015). The presence of Mansour Hallaj in the poems of Fakhreddin Iraqi. Master thesis, Yasouj University.
Khani, N. (2018) Analysis of D0rra- ye-Nadera based on the analysis of Farklaf's discourse. Textology of Persian literature, p. 57, p. 3, 112-89.
Majlesi, M. B. (1404). Bihar Al-Anwar, Volume 58, Beirut, Alvafa Institute.
Manouchehr Moghadam, S. & Khodyagan, M. R. (2018). The possibility, levels and purpose of knowledge based on the perception of beauty in the epistemological system of Iraqi Fakhr al-Din. Mystical literature and mythology, Vol. 54, 282-253.
Mills, S. (2008). Discourse, translated by Fattah Mohammadi. Zanjan: the third millennium.
Nayeri, M. Y. & Eskandari M. (2016). The intellectual components of Fakhreddin Ebrahim Iraqi in his sonnets, Adyan and Irfan, No. 53, 13-33.
Nazeri, M. & Abolhasan Tahani, H. & Adhami, A. (2019). An interpretative sociological analysis of the concept of love in the thought of Fakhruddin Iraqi. Social theories of Muslim thinkers, Q10, Q2, 145-175.
Rahimi, A. S. (2009). Explanation of the mystical Iraqi mashrab according to the works (Lama'at and Ghazalyat). Master thesis, University of Isfahan.
Rastkhiz, D. (2014). Mystical concepts and its artistic reflection in Diwan Fakhreddin Iraqi and Ibn Farez Egyptian. Master's thesis, Yasouj University.
Razi, N. (1974). Mersad al-Ebad. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural.
Sabet Ghadam, L. & Mohammadzadeh, A. A. (2022). Genealogy and different types of the theory of ascending and descending arcs in Islamic mysticism. Irfan Research Journal, No. 26, 23-39.
Sajjadi, S. Z. (1993). An introduction to mysticism and Sufism. Tehran: Samt.
Sattari, J. (1995). Sufi love. Tehran: Nashr-e-Karzan.
Sepehr, M. (2017). Love from the point of view of Ahmed Ghazali (Biography of Lovers) and Sheikh Fakhruddin Iraqi. Master thesis, Semnan University.
Shafi'i Kadkani, M. R. (2008). Qalandriya in history. Tehran: Sokhan.
Shafi'i Kadkani, M. R. (2010). Persian Psalm. Tehran: Aghah.
Shahba, M. (2021). Analysis of the concepts of asceticism and hypocrisy from the perspective of Qalandari discourse in Fakhreddin Iraqi's sonnets. Master's thesis, Vali Asr University of Rafsanjan.
Shams, M. J. & Farhanizadeh, M. (2021). Mystical pain in the attitude of Fakhreddin Iraqi. Mystical literature and mythology, No. 65, 248-223.
Sojodi, F. & Akbari, Z. (2013). Critical analysis of Sofia authorities. Ancient Persian literature. Q5, Q4, 97-. 73.
Soltani, A. A. (2005) Power of Discourse and Language. Tehran: Ney Publishing.
Vahidiyan Kamyar, T. (2006). Farsi Grammar, Tehran: Samt.
Vandyke, Th. (2001). Studies in discourse analysis, translation by Teja Mirfakhrai and others. Tehran: Media Studies and Research Center.
Zarrin Koob, A. H. (1965) The value of Sofia's heritage. Tehran: Aria.
Zarrin Koob, A. H. (2008) Searching in Iranian Sufism. Tehran: Amir Kabir.
Literature in the Iraqi period
Volume 4, Issue 3
September 2023
Pages 61-90

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics