Elements of Text Coherence in Manteq Al-Tayr based on Halliday and Hasan's Opinions

The coherence model of Michael Halliday and Roqayeh Hasan is one of the scientific, efficient, and reliable methods to identify the level of textuality, coherence, and integrity of any text. Coherence is pointed out as the examination of relationships in syntactic structures and components of a text. Therefore, with the descriptive-analytical method, the current research is to investigate the issue of textual cohesion-related elements and semantic relations between clauses based on Halliday and Hasan's approach in the logic of Manteq Al-Tayr by Attar. He examined 3000 clauses in Manteq Al-Tayr from among different clauses. The results of the research indicate that in grammatical coherence, deletion has the highest frequency and replacement has the lowest frequency in Manteq Al-Tayr. The frequency of deletion is one of Attar's rhetorical features; it prevents the monotony of the text and the effort of the mind to find the deleted element and to strengthen the music. In the lexical cohesion, recurrence and repetition have the highest frequency and semantic inclusion has the lowest frequency in this system. Attar has been trying to emphasize and highlight the secondary purposes of his words by using repetition. In terms of lexical coherence, collocation has the highest frequency in Manteq Al-Tayr. In conjunctive coherence, augmentative conjunctions have a higher frequency than other components of conjunctive coherence, which, in addition to acting as the connection link between clauses, has united different discourses in the text. Therefore, all three grammatical, lexical, and linking coherences play a significant role in creating context, coherence, and integration in the Manteq Al-Tayr.
Introduction:
Halliday's systematic role-oriented linguistics is an efficient method to explain the semantic relations used in a text; Every text is made up of different clauses and sentences, each of which contains certain meanings and relationships that play a significant role in creating a coherent whole. According to the order of the systematic role-oriented, Halliday considers 3 intellectual, interpersonal and textual trans-roles for language: the intellectual trans-role refers to the representation of the poet's or writer's experiences from the inner and outer world. In the interpersonal role, it is possible to obtain the attitude of the poet or writer and his particular worldviews in a text and show the degree of determination of the poet in expressing a proposition by means of grammar elements. In the textual role, existing chains and sequences are influential in the formation of discourse, and as the speech proceeds, this role organizes the flow of speech by creating and connecting. Transtextual role is divided into two parts "structural" and "non-structural"; The structural part includes the basic construction and knowledge of old and new clauses, and the non-structural part includes textual coherence elements. In addition to its mystical and didactic themes, Manteq al-Tayr is important in terms of form, structure, and stylistic characteristics. Therefore, in the present research, we are trying to investigate textual coherence factors inManteq al-Tayr using Halliday and Hasan's model.
Materials and Methods:
In the current research, we are trying to analyze textual coherence elements based on Halliday and Hasan's approach in the Manteq-al Tayr Attar with a descriptive-analytical method and in a library style.
Results and Discussion:
Cohesion is one of the important categories in the transtextual role that Michael Halliday and Roqayeh Hasan put forward in the book. Cohesion in the English language, by means of which it is possible to combine and arrange textual elements and coherence addresses the whole text. Halliday divides cohesion into three categories: grammatical, lexical, and conjunctive habits, each of which plays an important role in creating textual cohesion and coherence. Grammatical coherence is formed from the logical connection between the tools and coherence chains used in the text. Grammatical coherence is divided into three parts comprising; reference, substitution, and ellipsis. Lexical cohesion includes repetition, synonymy, semantic contrast and semantic inclusion. Conjunctions play a significant role in the coherence of a text and are the factors of connecting different clauses, sentences, and phrases to each other. They are influential in the formation of logical connections in the text. Conjunctions are divided into four categories: additive, adversative, causative and temporal.
Conclusion:
By applying Michael Halliday's and Roqayeh Hasan's coherence theory to Manteq Al-Tayr, the following results were obtained:
- All three grammatical, lexical, and conjunctive coherences have the ability to adapt to the Manteq Al-Tayr, by means of which it is possible to interpret the constructions of linguistic elements, determine the level of textuality, and find about the coherence of this system.
- In grammatical coherence, the three components of reference, ellipsis and substitution have led to the creation of semantic relations, continuity and interaction of the text with the audience. In grammatical coherence, deletion with 57% has the highest frequency and substitution has the lowest frequency with 13% in Manteq Al-Tayr. In the author of substitution, Attar has tried to modernize by substituting different words and take advantage of different linguistic possibilities and semantic expansion to convey different concepts to the audience. Attar has used this component more in praise of the Prophet of Islam and the rightful caliphs. Each of these praises has helped a lot to identify the existential dimensions of religious and mystical teachings and theological thoughts in the text. Among the rhetorical tools of this element, emphasis, commemoration, bowing, and highlighting can be mentioned. In-text reference is one of the effective factors in creating coherence in this work. Among the three types of intratextual reference, personal reference which is made by connected and disconnected personal pronouns in verbal chains, has a high frequency compared to indicative and comparative cohesion. Elimination is one of the aesthetic tools that has a significant effect on creating coherence in the Manteq al-Tayr. One of the characteristics of deletion in Manteq Al-Tayris "quickness" that the audience can reach the deleted element with a little precision.
-In lexical coherence-retrieval, repetition has the highest frequency with 67% and semantic inclusion has the lowest frequency with 3%. Repetition of word types is one of Attar's style characteristics in this poem. Repetition is not only a hindrance to eloquence, but it is considered as one of the aesthetic tools in this work. The abundant use of repetition has provided the ground for various interpretations in the poem. Attar's ultimate goal of repetition and its rhetorical purposes is to emphasize and highlight educational and moral concepts, because saying it once does not have much effect on the audience, but by repeating the same concept in different ways, it causes them to remember and remember what they have learned. It shows the word more effectively than before. In lexical coherence -recurrence, repetition, contrast, relationship between part and whole, synonymy and semantic inclusion have the highest and lowest frequency respectively in this work. In relational coherence, conjunctions play a significant role in the textual coherence of Manteq al-Tayr. These habits sometimes connect the elements in the sentence and sometimes connect the clauses. The frequency of increasing conjunctions in this work has led to marking, making new information about the clauses and highlighting the language in this work. Incremental conjunctions have the highest frequency with 62% and temporal conjunctions have the lowest frequency with 7% in Manteq Al-Tayr. Among the augmentative conjunctions, the conjunction "and" has had the greatest effect on the degree of coherence of the clauses and has caused the creation of different discourses and the connection of the clauses to each other.