The function of modalization in Tazkerat al-Awliyā

Despite the repetition of themes, Sufi biographies have characteristics that reflect the perspective and ideology of the biographer rather than that of the mystic whose words are quoted. The biographer of a Sufi biography wants to present a narrative that evokes a different outcome or understanding in the reader and audience. To achieve his goal, he uses the means and methods that have the greatest impact. In this article, we have examined and analyzed the method of Attar of Nishapur in writing Tazkerat al-Awliyā based on Paul Simpson's modality model. Tazkerat al-Awliyā is a text with many modalities in which identity and relationships between people are constantly constructed and reconstructed. Attar uses modality verbs effectively to express opinion, judgment, obligation, permission, recommendation and other types of statements. He uses nouns, adjectives, adverbs and their effects to describe and evaluate persons and states. He uses different types of sentences and syntactic structures to organize and structure the text effectively and to present arguments and conclusions to portray characters and consolidate ideology. Paying attention to Attar's modality in Tazkerat al-Awliyā to justify the ecstasy or miracles of the mystics can provide contemporary audiences with a better reading of the stories narrated in Tazkerat al-Awliya. The extensive use of modality in this book serves to create more impact on the reader so that the audience or reader is unconsciously enticed or persuaded to accept a speech or a matter that is not commonplace. 
Introduction:
Each of the mystical biographies, although speaking of the same subject, has a specific position in the style of writing, the selection or narration of the material, the priority and delay of the subject, the omission, summary or comprehensiveness, the emphasis and highlighting of the individual themes and sayings, and states of the Shaykhs and Sufis. These aspects have resulted in the mystical biographies, despite the repetition of themes, having characteristics that express the perspective and ideology of the author of the biography towards the mystic whose words are quoted or spoken about. The intention of the author of the mystical biography is not only to record and document the lives and events of the characters, but also to present a narrative that would lead to a different outcome or understanding by the reader and the audience. To achieve his goal, he naturally uses means and methods that have the greatest impact. In this article, we will examine and analyze Attar Neyshaburi's style in writing Tazkerat Al-Awliya based on Paul Simpson's model of modality.
By examining modality, the extent to which the text follows ideologies and beliefs can be understood. In addition, the modality elements can be used to identify the author's views, commitments and mentality. When the mode appears in the speech, the listener feels that they have addressed a voice that conveys human emotions, concerns, needs and beliefs. The mode thus increases the interaction between the speaker and the audience and creates the ground for a kind of trust and sympathy or conflict in the conversation.
Materials and Methods:
The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical and the data are analyzed on the basis of the instruments introduced in the theory. The theoretical foundations of this study are based on the influential work by Paul Simpson entitled Language, Ideology and Perspective. Simpson's aim is to introduce a consistent program of critical language analysis and stylistics. At the center of his model is perspective in language. The focus of the present article is on the perspective of psychological level and examining the linguistic element of "face" to discover the attitude of Attar Neyshaburi and the general tone that prevails in the biography. This clarifies the way events pass through the author's consciousness. In this article, the frequency of positive and negative faces in Tazkerat Al-Awliya and the modal discourse functions of the book are explained and analyzed.
Results and Discussion:
Our main aim is to explore the underlying layers of Tazkerat al-Awliyā's language in order to decipher the meaning of the text and the author's position from his choice of style, because the choice of style actually shapes the meaning of the text. In this research, by examining and analyzing the interaction and blending of the author's perspective or point of view with the ideology, the author's point of view and the nature of his devotion to an ideology is deciphered from the linguistic structures of the work.
Conclusion:
Tazkerat Al-Awliya is a text with many modalities in which identity and relationships between people are constantly recreated and reconstructed. Attar makes use of "face" to convey the meaning of verbs effectively and to express opinions, judgments, obligations, permissions, recommendations and other types of statements. He uses names, adjectives, adverbs and their effects to describe and evaluate persons and states. He uses different types of sentences and syntactic structures to organize and structure the text effectively and to present arguments and findings, to present characters and to establish ideology.
Attar sometimes justifies the ecstasies of the mystics after mentioning them and tries to legitimize the work and speech of the ecstatic mystics. He legitimizes something that is religiously controversial. Attar's attention to the modality in Tazkerat al-Awliya to justify the ecstasy or miracle of the mystics not only shows his interest and commitment to preserving the respect and status of the mystics, but may also provide a better reading of the stories told in Tazkerat al-Awliyā for contemporary audiences. This situation indicates a commission that Attar was interested in writing the entire text of the Tazkerat al-Awliya. If this style of using faces in two parts of the book is equivalent and coherent, this is evidence that the entire Tazkerat al-Awliyā was written by one person, contrary to what some scholars believe.
While Attar Neyshaburi enumerates a controversial issue, he gives many examples and arguments to persuade the reader to accept his speech and forget the main plot. The frequent use of mode, shifting from positive to negative or negative to positive, as a particular method of distraction or change of perspective, also serves to create more impact on the reader so that the audience or reader is subconsciously made to accept a speech or a non-everyday topic in order to urge or persuade