بررسی شگردهای تداوم معانی در نفثة‎المصدور زیدری نسوی

One of the ancient literary-historical texts of the 7th century is Naftha al-Masdoor by Zaydari Nesvi, which is regarded as an outstanding example of intricate and sophisticated prose, serving as a narrative of a significant historical period. In his book, Nesvi employs the continuity of meanings to enhance, interpret, and elucidate the text. The purpose of this research is to analyze the continuity of meanings in the book of Naftha-al-Masdoor, and using descriptive-analytical method, the authors seek to answer the question: What methods did Nesvi employ to express the continuity of meanings in Naftha-al-Masdoor? By utilizing the continuity of meanings to persuade the reader and convey his emotions, Nesvi draws upon a wealth of literary, scientific, and Quranic knowledge. This includes descriptions, advice, admonitions, glosses, hints, and interpretations of verses, hadiths, narrations, and the sayings of Persian and Tazi poets and esteemed figures. He creates an evocative atmosphere through thought-provoking sentences and wise expressions, employing rhetorical devices such as similes, which are particularly effective in illustrating the pain and suffering inflicted by the Mongol invasion. Through these techniques, he engages the reader, encouraging them to reflect on his words and express their own feelings in various ways. A few verses or sentences, sometimes repeating these meanings and concepts, convey ideas to the reader in various ways.
Introduction
One of the ancient literary-historical texts from the 7th century is Naftha al-Masdoor by Zaydari Nesvi, which is regarded as an outstanding example of intricate and sophisticated prose, serving as a narrative of a significant historical period. In his work, Nesvi employs a continuity of meanings to elaborate, interpret, and clarify the text. The purpose of this research is to analyze the continuity of meanings in the book, and via emplying a descriptive-analytical method, the authors seek to answer the question: What methods did Nesvi employ to express the continuity of meanings in the book of Naftha al-Masdoor? By utilizing the continuity of meanings to persuade the reader and convey his emotions, Nesvi draws upon a wealth of literary, scientific, and Quranic knowledge. This includes descriptions, advice, admonitions, glosses, hints, and interpretations of verses, hadiths, narrations, and the sayings of Persian and Tazi poets and esteemed figures. He creates an evocative atmosphere through thought-provoking sentences and wise expressions, employing rhetorical devices such as similes, which are frequently used to illustrate the pain and suffering inflicted by the Mongol invasion. Through these techniques, he engages the reader, encouraging them to reflect on his words and express their own feelings in various ways. A few verses or sentences, sometimes repeating these meanings and concepts, convey ideas to the reader in various ways.
      In Naftha al-Masdoor, Zaydari has integrated the text with Quranic verses, traditions, and the poetry of Persian and Arab poets, creating the impression that Zaydari's work serves as a translation of these verses, hadiths, traditions, poetry, proverbs, and rulings. Persian language writers who adopt this aesthetic approach have successfully integrated Quranic verses into their texts within an intertextual context. By incorporating these verses, they have enriched the meanings perceived by readers and enhanced both the structure and content of their work. The continuity of meanings serves as another form of interpretation, emphasizing and reaffirming the original significance. The author provides an Arabic equivalent for the Persian phrase in the second sentence. Some theorists view the continuity of meanings in stories as functions, where the sequence of these functions contributes to the overall plot. Functions are defined as the individual occurrences of action, and their sequence forms the overall narrative of the story. The concepts and imagery that Zidari introduces in the continuation of his narrative serve to solidify the ideas in the reader's mind, facilitating a deeper understanding of the text and its implications. "In the metatextuality of Text B, it serves as a commentary on Text A. Naturally, the social functions and the era in which Zidari writes necessitate a continuity of meanings, affirmation, and emphasis for the text that it refers to. This text transcends the era of technical writing and is progressing towards a more technical and artificial approach. According to representatives of new historicism, texts are not created in a vacuum; rather, they are produced within specific historical and social contexts. Understanding these frameworks is essential for interpreting these texts effectively. The reader appreciates the vivid descriptions and expressions of the dangers and sufferings that Zidari has endured, as well as the hardships associated with various times and seasons, such as winter and the snowy Gariveh Pass. This pleasure and refinement—the feeling of being distanced from death—evokes fear and anxiety, which in turn compels the reader to continue reading. "Aristotle explores why we derive pleasure from watching tragedy in his work, "Poetics". He suggests that the answer to this question is rooted in psychology. When we observe a tragedy on stage, we experience emotions such as fear and pity, which ultimately lead to a sense of catharsis.
Method
The study method in this article is a descriptive-analytical approach and this study is considered a library study in terms of data collection.
Conclusion
Research questions
1- In what cases does Nesvi use continuity of meanings?
2- What are the most and least uses of the continuity of meanings in Naftha al-Masdoor?
Results
The analysis of the data indicates that the author depicts various natural factors, including the sunrise, the challenging routes to Erbil and Azerbaijan, the harsh cold of the Pargari and Gariwe passes, the portrayal of Azerbaijan's springs, the description of its ruins, the warlike nature of the Mongols, and the shortcomings of the Jalal Army. Kharazmshah exemplifies the cruelty of rulers and the depravity and debauchery often associated with power. His journey reflects the fatigue and hardships he has endured. Wise concepts emerge from his experiences: everyone can be useful, and a lack of greed can lead to liberation. God's grace surpasses the constraints of time, and the insight of the heart is greater than that of the mind. Goodness emerges from the roots of evil, and after every hardship, there is solace. The causes of death are varied, yet death remains inevitable. While suffering and death are certain, disgrace is not. The disloyalty of the world and the mockery of the oppressors evoke regret for the chaotic state of affairs. In total, approximately 75 concepts have been explored. Sometimes, the author conveys the same meaning through continuity in the opening sentence of twelve sentences. An example of this is the negligence of Jalal al-Din Kharazmshah during the war with the Mongols. However, there is minimal continuity in the concluding meaning and concept, which emphasizes the return of all to God. This is articulated by the governor of the reference and the source, who states that the governor represents both the beginning and the return.
      The continuity of meanings has been maintained in three ways: 1. By incorporating a wise saying from an Arab or Persian poet, sometimes combining both. 2. For the initial concept, he presents a hadith or a verse, or mentions both in succession. 3. For the initial concept, he employs other ideas without referencing a verse or hadith, or the poetry of Persian and Arab poets, but instead utilizes rhetorical imagery to reinforce the concepts. In conclusion, it is important to note that the author consistently emphasizes, elaborates on, and analyzes the previously discussed concepts to enhance the impact of his words. Undoubtedly, from a psychological perspective, he expresses a deep emotional pain. In this work, the author employs several techniques: 1. The general use of vivid imagery presented in a common yet scattered manner throughout the text; 2. The creation of focal images through the use of multiple, multilayered visuals; 3. The incorporation of Arabic and Persian verses, poems, and proverbs to both create imagery and reinforce the text's themes; and 4. The utilization of the linguistic potential of words within sentence structures to craft images. Although these images may appear distinct and dispersed, they ultimately align under the author's cohesive vision, connecting to form a unified whole.